The Covid-19 pandemic has made us feel fragile. As individuals, we discovered that we could suddenly be hit by a rapidly spreading, unknown disease. It upended our perception that medical progress would prevent such events. Societies around the world faced disruptions on an unprecedented scale. The pandemic paralyzed recreational activities, stretched public services to the limit, left the poorest and most vulnerable unattended, turned our homes into workplaces, stopped our kids from going to school, disrupted our family lives, and forced us to connect with friends through screens. And we lost many lives.
The pandemic has also given us reason to be confident in the power of medicine and technology. Indeed, we can only marvel at the speed and efficiency of vaccine discovery, which occurred less than a year after the virus was identified. But what about social fragility and vulnerabilities? Will our societies quickly recover, or will they bear permanent scars? Most importantly, will they be able to overcome similar shocks in the future? This book seeks to address that question.
The key concept in this book is resilience. The term refers to an ability to rebound, which is different than the idea of robustness, which is an ability to resist. Sometimes robustness is not the best way forward. Resilience is about being able to weather a storm and recover, as described in the famous poem by Jean de La Fontaine titled The Oak and the Reed.”1 The oak is robust. It is mighty and looks indestructible in the face of normal winds. By contrast, the reed is resilient. Even light breezes bend the reed. But when a strong storm erupts, the reed declares: “I bend but do not break.”
That phrase incorporates the essence of resilience. The reed bounces back when the storm is over. It fully recovers. The robust oak can withstand strong winds, but it breaks when the storm becomes too severe. Once it has fallen, no recovery is possible. Its lack of resilience prevents restoration. The reed, always in motion, might look vulnerable, but it is much more resilient than the oak.
This is a nice metaphor from nature, but it does not fully describe the challenges we face. There are, of course, purely “physical” pillars of resilience. For instance, in daily life we depend on the proper functioning of numerous networks and infrastructures. Just imagine life without telecoms, the internet, and roads. So, if we want those elements of our physical infrastructure to rebound after a shock, we might need to build them with redundancies, buffer stocks, duplications of structures, and added capacities. Doing so implies a possible need to sacrifice efficiency in exchange for greater resilience.
So far, societies have sought to manage production systems according to a “just in time” principle; that is, to maximize flows and minimize stocks, which is the objective of global value chains. By contrast, the concept of resilience leads us to emphasize a “just in case” approach, which would give us the ability to recover speedily after a shock. For that to occur, we must give priority to resilience, which turns redundancies into a virtue rather than a vice. Safety buffers are useful because they allow us to absorb shocks. A mindset of resilience provides a new way of looking at cost-benefit calculations.
Another way to understand the difference between resilience and robustness is to consider an electric circuit with numerous light bulbs. The most cost-efficient way to set this up would be a series circuit like those used in old-style Christmas tree lights. In this case, if one light bulb failed, the entire Christmas tree would turn dark. A more resilient alternative is a parallel circuit. In this case, each light bulb is connected to a main circuit, which is the norm for lighting a staircase. If the second-floor light bulb fails, the lights on the first and third floors stay on. The total cost of the wiring is higher because more wire is needed, but the parallel circuit is more resilient. Resilience is also different than risk, which refers to the frequency and size of shocks.
Resilience is about the ability to react after a shock hits—the ability to bounce back or, in formal terms, to “mean-revert.” This ability to rebound implies the need to facilitate adaptation. If we are able to adapt and change, we will strengthen our resilience. With improved resilience, we will be able to take more chances and embrace more opportunities—because the shocks will be less detrimental. Resilience is also an essential component of sustainability. In the absence of resilience, a society can become unsustainable. Severe shocks might push society over the cliff, leading to detrimental adverse feedback loops. The Covid-19 pandemic has taught us that resilience requires more than individualistic thinking. A society relies on healthy collective functions, which are created (or not) by the quality of our social contract. This contract emerges from the recognition that our individual conduct will impact others. Economists call these impacts “externalities.” Without a social contract, people often impose negative externalities on each other. As a result, some citizens become trapped or pushed close to tipping points. Taken as a whole, negative externalities increase social fragility and undermine resilience, particularly when a shock like the recent pandemic hits.
In this book, I argue that resilience can serve as the guiding North Star for designing a post-Covid-19 society.2 This overarching principle can help us think about how to prepare society and foster cohesion that enables us to better react to future shocks. Throughout, I apply an economist’s perspective on health and the social contract.
Granting to people the personal freedom they need to dream, experiment, strategize, plan, and possibly fail is essential for societal progress. It is my view that that this freedom is also essential for human dignity. However, people should not be trapped or fall into poverty. They should have the ability to rebound and try again after they have learned from their failures. Personal bankruptcy protection serves precisely that purpose. Hence, rather than shielding people from possible failure, society should encourage experimentation and curiosity while also making individuals resilient.
Surreal yet gritty, violent yet poetic – such is the world of Chandan Pandey’s fiction.…
From books on financial frauds to a graphic novel based in Gaza, Mitali Mukherjee reading…
Mitali Mukherjee's chilling and unputdownable new book Crypto Crimes traces the murky underbelly of the…
Hey there readers! For today’s blog we have brought you a collection of finance and…
Hi readers! In this week’s blog we have some Young Adult recommendations perfect for teens.…
is proud to announce the release of THE BLACK ORPHAN Inspired by true events,…